While both Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers use the term “self-actualisation” in their respective theories of human development and psychology, there are subtle differences in how they conceptualise and emphasise this concept.
Maslow’s Self-Actualisation:
- Hierarchical Framework: Maslow’s theory of self-actualisation is part of his broader hierarchy of needs, which posits that individuals must fulfil (at least in part) their basic physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem needs before striving for self-actualisation.
- Goal-Oriented: Self-actualisation, in Maslow’s framework, is often portrayed as a pinnacle or endpoint of personal development, representing the fulfilment of one’s potential and the realisation of one’s highest aspirations and talents.
- Innate Drive: Maslow suggests that self-actualisation is an innate drive or tendency present in all individuals, although it may be more or less pronounced depending on various factors such as upbringing, environment, and life experiences.
- Characteristics: Maslow describes self-actualised individuals as creative, spontaneous, autonomous, and focused on personal growth and fulfilment. They exhibit qualities such as authenticity, acceptance of themselves and others, and a deep sense of purpose and meaning in life.
Rogers’ Self-Actualisation (Self-Realisation):
- Process-Oriented: Rogers’ concept of self-actualisation, often referred to as “self-realisation,” emphasises the ongoing process of becoming one’s true self rather than a static endpoint or achievement. It is viewed as a continual journey of self-discovery and growth.
- Client-Centred Approach: In Rogers’ client-centred therapy, self-actualisation is seen as the primary goal of therapy, where individuals strive to align their thoughts, feelings, and actions with their innermost experiences and values.
- Unconditional Positive Regard: Rogers emphasises the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence in fostering self-actualisation. He believes that individuals can fully actualise themselves when they experience genuine acceptance and understanding from others.
- Emphasis on the Present Moment: Rogers focuses on the present moment and the individual’s subjective experience of themselves and their environment. Self-actualisation involves being fully present and engaged in the here and now, rather than striving for some distant ideal or goal.
Subtle Difference:
The subtle difference between Maslow’s and Rogers’ use of the term “self-actualisation” lies in their emphasis on hierarchy and goal orientation (Maslow) versus process orientation and present-centredness (Rogers). Maslow’s conception of self-actualisation is often portrayed as a culmination of individual development, achieved through the fulfilment of lower-level needs and the expression of one’s unique potential. In contrast, Rogers’ view of self-actualisation is more fluid and dynamic, emphasising the ongoing process of self-discovery, authenticity, and alignment with one’s inner truth in the present moment. While both theorists highlight the importance of personal growth and fulfilment, they differ in their theoretical frameworks and emphases, reflecting their distinct perspectives on human nature and development.